N26

Shut Up and Take My Money!
The Red Pill of N26 Security

Speaker: Vincent Haupert (System Security and Software Protection Group)
Occasion: 33rd Chaos Communication Congress (33c3) in Hamburg
Recording: CCC-TV (December 27, 2016, 16:45, Hall 1)
Material: Slides (PDF), Transaction Manipulation (Video), Unpairing (Video), Expose Customers (Video), Siri Transactions (Video)

Abstract

FinTechs increasingly cut the ground from under long-established banks’ feet. With a “Mobile First” strategy, many set their sights on bringing all financial tasks—checking the account balance, making transactions, arranging investments, and ordering an overdraft—on your smartphone. In a business area that was once entirely committed to security, Fintechs make a hip design and outstanding user experience their one and only priority. Even though this strategy is rewarded by rapidly increasing customer numbers, it also reveals a flawed understanding of security. With the example of the pan-European banking startup N26 (formerly Number26), we succeeded independently from the used device to leak customer data, manipulate transactions, and to entirely take over accounts to ultimately issue arbitrary transactions—even without credit.

Description

Over the last few years, smartphones have become an omnipresent device that almost everybody owns and carries around all the time. Although financial institutions usually react conservatively to new technologies and trends, most established banks today offer their customers banking apps and app-based second-factor authentication methods. Fintechs, technology startups in the financial sector, pressure the tried and trusted structure of established banks, as they highlight the customer’s smartphone as the hub of their financial life. This business model is especially appealing to younger customers. FinTechs, however, also play an important role in the advancing downfall of important conceptual security measures. While the latter can be understood as the next step in the decay process of second-factor authentication, which was started with the introduction of app-based legitimization methods, FinTechs also reveal limited insights into conceptual and technical security. We have encountered severe vulnerabilities at the Berlin-based FinTech N26, which offers their smartphone-only bank account to many countries throughout Europe. Entirely independent of the used device, we were not only able to reveal N26 customers and to manipulate transactions in real-time but also to completely take over a victim’s bank account.

Details

All vulnerabilities have been disclosed responsibly to N26 on September 25, 2016. For a detailed description of all the uncovered vulnerabilities, please consult our paper.

As of December 13, 2016, to the best of our knowledge, all vulnerabilities that we have reported to N26 are closed. Therefore, we are confident that the 33c3 talk will not do damage to any N26 customer. We want to emphasize and commend the responsive and friendly contact with N26.

Last update on November 9, 2018 at 14:22